Buddhism in Southeast Asia includes a variety of traditions of Buddhism including two main traditions: Mahayana Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism. Historically, Mahayana Buddhism had a prominent position in this region, but in modern times most countries follow the Theravada tradition. Southeast Asian countries with a Theravada Buddhist majority are Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar. Buddhism reached Southeast Asia both directly over sea from India and indirectly from Central Asia and China in a process that spanned most of the first millennium CE. In the early centuries of the Common Era, the people in various parts of Southeast Asia came to know of Buddhism as a result of increased contact with the Indian merchants who had come to the region to trade. These merchants not only established trading stations in Southeast Asia, but also brought their religions and cultures with them. Under their influence, the local people began to practise a mixture of Buddhism and Hinduism, while retaining at the same time many of their old beliefs and customs. In this book is presented for the first time a comprehensive survey of the Buddhist influence on Asian culture and civilization.
Introduction • Buddhism in Thailand; Buddhism in Vietnam; Buddhism in the West; Buddhism and Evolution; Buddhism and Science; Buddhist Atomism; Buddhism in Bangladesh; Wisdom in Buddhism • Buddhism in India History of Buddhism in India; Buddhism in Kashmir; Harsha of Kashmir; Dynasties of Ancient Kashmir; Decline of Buddhism in India; Ideological and Financial Causes • Practices of Buddhism Daily Practice ; The Laity’s Practice of Dhamma ; Bhavana (Development or cultivation of the mind); The Eight Precepts ; The Rains Residence; Gestures of Respect ; The Preliminary Formula for Revering the Buddha ; The Five Precepts ; The Development of Loving-Kindness ; Meditation ; Anumodana • Buddhism in Nepal Overview; History; Nepal - Ancient Buddhist Land; Buddhism in Nepal and Nepal Mandala; Buddhist temples in Nepal • Tibetan Buddhism Five Tibetan Rites; Claimed Benefits of Performing the Rites; History of Tibetan Buddhism; Fixing the Mind with Tibetan Meditation • Buddhist Art Sacred Art; Greco-Buddhist Art; Southern Influences of Greco- Buddhist Art; The Art of Mathura; Greco-Buddhist Art Expansion in Central Asia; Influences on South-East Asian Art • Buddhist Monasteries in Tibet Ani Tsankhung Nunnery; Barkhor; Jokhang; Namgyal Monastery; Narthang Monastery; Ralung Monastery; Ramoche Temple; Sera Monastery; Shalu Monastery; Tashilhunpo; Tsurphu Monastery; Changzhu Temple; Drepung Monastery; Dzogchen Monastery; Ganden Monastery • Buddhist Traditions • In Early Tradition; The Role of Meditation; The Four Dhyanas (or Jhanas); The Four Immaterial States; Buddhist Meditation • Buddhism in Bhutan Religion in Bhutan; Bodhisattvas; Refuge in the Three Jewels; Prajna (Wisdom): Vipassana Meditation; Zen; Early Buddhist Schools; Vajrayana (Esoteric Buddhism); Mahayana; Bodhisattva; Role and Function of Upaya; Mahayana Scriptures; Monasteries; Bon in Bhutan; Buddhist Concepts; Suffering’s Causes and Solution; The Noble Eightfold Path; Nirvana; Buddhas …
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